Faces in the revolution: the psychological effects of violence on township youth in south africa2/11/2024 The movement campaigned for an end to apartheid and the transition of South Africa toward universal suffrage and a socialist economy. Influenced by the Martinican philosopher Frantz Fanon and the African-American Black Power movement, Biko and his compatriots developed Black Consciousness as SASO's official ideology. The white-minority National Party government were initially supportive, seeing SASO's creation as a victory for apartheid's ethos of racial separatism. He was careful to keep his movement independent of white liberals, but opposed anti-white hatred and had white friends. Membership was open only to " blacks", a term that Biko used in reference not just to Bantu-speaking Africans but also to Coloureds and Indians. He developed the view that to avoid white domination, black people had to organise independently, and to this end he became a leading figure in the creation of the South African Students' Organisation (SASO) in 1968. He believed that well-intentioned white liberals failed to comprehend the black experience and often acted in a paternalistic manner. Strongly opposed to the apartheid system of racial segregation and white-minority rule in South Africa, Biko was frustrated that NUSAS and other anti-apartheid groups were dominated by white liberals, rather than by the blacks who were most affected by apartheid. In 1966, he began studying medicine at the University of Natal, where he joined the National Union of South African Students (NUSAS). Raised in a poor Xhosa family, Biko grew up in Ginsberg township in the Eastern Cape. His ideas were articulated in a series of articles published under the pseudonym Frank Talk. Ideologically an African nationalist and African socialist, he was at the forefront of a grassroots anti-apartheid campaign known as the Black Consciousness Movement during the late 1960s and 1970s. Bantu Stephen Biko (18 December 1946 – 12 September 1977) was a South African anti-apartheid activist.
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